Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality globally. Atrial
fibrillation（AF） is a well-established risk factor for ischemic stroke and responsible
for up to one-third of all strokes. AF-related ischemic strokes are more frequently fatal
or disabling than non-AF strokes. The overall prevalence of known or newly diagnosed AF
in stroke patients is approximately 39.0%. Detecting underlying AF remains important for
secondary prevention of recurrent stroke, with a different strategy from atherosclerotic
cause of stroke. The increasingly common use of prolonged cardiac monitoring (PCM) after
ischemic stroke has greatly increased the detection rates of previously undiagnosed AF in
ischemic strokes, which was demonstrated by a series of trials. Additionally, AF burden,
defined as percentage of the time in AF during cardiac monitoring, has been regarded as
an important prognostic risk factor for thromboembolism.
Currently, the CHA2DS2-VASc score is the most widely used scoring system for assessing
ischemic stroke risk in patients with AF and basis for initiation of anticoagulation.
Anticoagulation is currently recommended for male with CHA2DS2-VASc score≥2 or female
with CHA2DS2-VASc score≥3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been increasingly used
in the past decade due to their similar to superior efficacy to vitamin K antagonists
(VKAs), but a lower intracerebral bleeding risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation
(NVAF), defined as AF in the absence of moderate to severe mitral stenosis or a
mechanical heart valve. For patients with AF who cannot tolerate long-term OACs due to
various relative or absolute contraindications, left atrial appendage closure (LAAC)
offers an alternative treatment strategy for these patients. Moreover, as one-third of
patients with ischemic stroke and AF may have concomitant large artery atherosclerosis or
small vessel disease, it is still unclear whether these patients should be left untreated
or treated with antiplatelet (APT), DOACs, or with LAAC.
Traditional clinical practice mainly focuses on the presence of AF but rarely
incorporates AF burden into a risk stratification scoring system. To our knowledge, no
studies to date have investigated recurrent stroke risk stratification in AIS patients
with AF based on AF burden assessed by PCM, not to mention guidance of treatment strategy
selection. Further, other multimodal assessments, such as cerebral CT/MRI (e.g. infarct
size and location), serum biomarkers (e.g. BNP, troponin, D-dimer levels) and cardiac
structural markers (e.g. LA volume or volume index, LAA morphologies) have been reported
as promising prognostic factors of stroke severity and recurrence. A comprehensive
evaluation system is still lacking. In this prospective and multicenter registry study,
we determine to test the safety and effectiveness of best medical therapy (OAC, APT) and
LAAC using multimodal assessment from combined brain and cardiologic work-up, with the
aim to optimize secondary prevention in this patient population.