This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aims to assess the efficacy of
methoxyflurane (Penthrox) as an inhaled analgesic for patients undergoing minor sinus and
rhinology procedures, specifically sinus surgery and coblation procedures, compared to a
placebo control.
Background and Rationale Sinus surgery, including procedures such as Endoscopic Sinus
Surgery (ESS) and coblation (a type of surgical ablation), is commonly performed to treat
chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), sinus obstruction, and other sinus-related conditions.
However, many of these procedures, especially those conducted in the office setting,
require the use of local anesthesia for pain control. Current methods of pain management,
such as local anesthetic injections (e.g., lidocaine, bupivacaine), are effective but can
cause anxiety and discomfort for patients, especially when multiple injections are
needed. Thus, there is a significant need for a more comfortable, non-invasive, and
efficient analgesic approach to improve patient experience during these procedures.
Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) is an inhaled analgesic that has been widely used in Australia
and New Zealand for trauma-related pain management for over 30 years and was approved for
use in Canada in 2018. It is a short-acting, inhaled analgesic with a rapid onset of
action and has shown promising results in treating acute pain in emergency and trauma
settings. However, limited studies have explored its use in minor surgical procedures,
particularly in the field of otolaryngology. Preliminary data from studies in other
surgical disciplines, such as urology, suggest that methoxyflurane can provide effective
analgesia in office-based procedures, with minimal side effects. This trial seeks to
expand this body of evidence by evaluating Penthrox as an alternative to local anesthetic
injections in sinus and rhinology surgeries.
Study Design This is a double-blind, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial designed
to assess the analgesic efficacy of Penthrox in patients undergoing minor sinus
procedures, including sinus surgery and coblation, compared to a placebo control.
Primary Hypothesis: Inhaled methoxyflurane will provide superior pain relief during and
after the procedure compared to the placebo, as measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for
pain.
Secondary Hypotheses: Methoxyflurane will reduce anxiety (measured by the APAIS score)
and be associated with fewer complications (e.g., bleeding, adverse events) compared to
placebo.
A total of 100 patients will be enrolled in the study, with 50 patients per group. The
patients will be randomized into two arms: one receiving 3 mL of methoxyflurane and the
other receiving 3 mL of placebo (saline + one drop of methoxyflurane to mimic the smell
of the active drug, ensuring proper blinding).
Randomization will be stratified based on the type of procedure (i.e., coblation or sinus
surgery) to ensure an even distribution of participants across the groups. Block
randomization will be used to allocate patients to one of the two groups, with varying
block sizes of 2-6 to maintain allocation concealment. The patient and surgeon will be
blinded to the treatment allocation to minimize bias in assessment and administration.
Study Procedures and Interventions Inhalation of Methoxyflurane: Participants in the
treatment group will inhale 3 mL of methoxyflurane (Penthrox) through a self-administered
inhaler device immediately before and during their procedure. The inhaler is designed to
deliver the appropriate concentration of methoxyflurane, providing rapid onset analgesia.
Inhalation of Placebo: Participants in the control group will inhale 3 mL of a placebo
solution, which consists of saline with one drop of methoxyflurane to simulate the smell
of the active drug. This is designed to maintain the blinding of the study.
The analgesic effect will be assessed during the procedure and at multiple time points
post-operatively using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Anxiety levels will be measured
using the APAIS score before and after the procedure. Surgical complications such as
bleeding, pain, and adverse reactions will be monitored throughout the procedure.
Primary Outcome Measures VAS Score: The primary endpoint for the study will be the
patient-reported pain score using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which measures the
intensity of pain during the procedure and for a period of time after the procedure
(e.g., 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week post-op).
Pain Characteristics: In addition to VAS, other pain characteristics will be assessed,
including pain duration, frequency, and any additional pain management required during
the procedure.
Secondary Outcome Measures Type of Procedure: An analysis of whether the analgesic effect
differs between procedures (i.e., coblation vs. sinus surgery).
SNOT-22 Scores: Pre- and post-operative SNOT-22 scores will be collected at 4, 8, and 12
weeks to assess the effect of the procedure and analgesic treatment on sinus symptoms and
quality of life.
Bleeding and Adverse Events: The occurrence of any surgical complications (e.g.,
bleeding, infection) or adverse effects (e.g., nausea, dizziness) will be closely
monitored during and after the procedure.
Anxiety Levels: Anxiety will be assessed using the APAIS (Anxiety and Pain Assessment
Index) before and after the procedure to determine the impact of Penthrox on patient
anxiety.
Statistical Analysis Data analysis will compare the pain scores, surgical outcomes, and
adverse events between the treatment and placebo groups. Primary analysis will focus on
the VAS scores at different time points. Secondary analyses will compare differences in
anxiety, complications, and post-operative recovery. A stratified analysis will be
performed based on procedure type (coblation vs. sinus surgery).
Safety and Monitoring The study will be conducted under strict adherence to Good Clinical
Practice (GCP) guidelines. Safety monitoring will be performed by a designated safety
officer, and any serious adverse events (SAEs) will be reported to the study coordinator
and the regulatory authorities as required. Participants will receive appropriate care
for any complications, and the study will be paused or terminated if safety concerns
arise.
Ethical Considerations This study has been designed to ensure the safety and wellbeing of
all participants. All participants will provide informed consent before enrollment, and
their participation will be voluntary. The study protocol has been reviewed and approved
by a recognized ethics review board.